The challenges of scaling-up

Challenges in scaling up biofuels infrastructure.

Rapid growth in demand for lignocellulosic bioenergy will require major changes in supply chain infrastructure. Even with densification and preprocessing, transport volumes by mid-century are likely to exceed the combined capacity of current agricultural and energy supply chains, including grain, petroleum, and coal. Efficient supply chains can be achieved through decentralized conversion proce...

Challenges in scaling up a perfusion process

Introduction Perfusion process involves retention of the cells inside the bioreactor while simultaneously removing spent medium and adding fresh medium continuously. The flow rate of addition of fresh and removal of spent medium are generally kept the same (perfusion rate) to maintain the culture volume inside the bioreactor. Cell retention is possible with many devices but the reliability and ...

Challenges with up-scaling dry sanitation technologies.

The acceleration of sanitation delivery towards meeting the South African Government's target of completely eradicating the existing backlogs by 2010, has led to a surge of activities. As part of its strategy for ensuring that basic sanitation is provided, the policy has recommended that a ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP) is considered as the basic minimum requirement in the form of a sani...

Challenges and Opportunities in Scaling-Up Nutrition in Healthcare

Healthcare continues to be in a state of flux; conventionally, this provides opportunities and challenges. The opportunities include technological breakthroughs, improved economies and increasing availability of healthcare. On the other hand, economic disparities are increasing and leading to differing accessibility to healthcare, including within affluent countries. Nutrition has received an i...

Scaling Up